37
2Human body
2	 Human body
Části těla se v angličtině uvádějí buď s určitým členem „the heart“
nebo s přivlastňovacím zájmenem „my heart.“
„Strana“ se při anatomickém popisu překládá jako „aspect,“ např.
„medial aspect of the forearm“ mediální strana předloktí.
2.1	 Body parts
2.1.1	 Head and neck
	 Hlava a krk
Inside the head is the brain, which is responsible for thinking.
Beneath the hairline at the front of the face is the forehead. The flat
areas on either side of the forehead above the ears are called temples.
Underneath the forehead are the eyes with eyebrows, and upper and
lower eyelids, the nose with two nostrils, and the mouth with upper
and lower lips. On the inside of the mouth are the teeth set in jaws
and the tongue. Food is swallowed down the throat. At the sides of
the face are the cheeks and at the sides of the head are the ears. At the
bottom of a person’s face is the chin. The neck attaches the head to
the upper body. It contains the cervical vertebrae, the pharynx, the
larynx (voice box), vessels and nerves. The thyroid gland lies on the
anterior aspect of the neck.
2.1.2	Trunk
	Trup
The diaphragm divides the trunk into the thoracic cavity and the
abdominal cavity at its lower end. The bony framework of the thorax
(chest), also called ribcage, is the sternum and vertebral column
(spinal column, spine, backbone) connected by the ribs. The spine
is composed of vertebrae, each having a spinal canal through which
runs the spinal cord. The spine is divided into 5 regions: cervical,
thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal. The back can be divided into
three parts: upper back, mid-back and low back.
38
Angličtina pro fyzioterapeuty2
Inside the thoracic cavity are the lungs, the heart, the great blood
vessels, the trachea and the oesophagus. Inside the abdominal cavity
we find the stomach, the liver, gallbladder, the pancreas, the spleen,
the small and large intestines. The peritoneum is the double-folded
membrane surrounding the abdominal cavity. The kidneys are situated
behind (retroperitoneal area) the abdominal cavity on either side
of the backbone. In the pelvic cavity are the portions of the small and
large intestines, the urinary bladder; uterus and vagina in the female.
At the top and front of the upper body, just below the neck is the
collar bone. On the front side of the upper body is the chest, which
in women includes the breasts. Babies suck on the nipples of their
mother’s breasts. Beneath the ribcage are the stomach (abdomen,
belly) and the waist. The navel (umbilicus), more commonly referred
to as the belly button, is located here as well. The rear side of the
trunk is called the back, inside which the spine connects the upper
body to the lower body.
Below the waist, on left and right, are the hips. Between the hips
are the reproductiveorgans(genitals, privateparts, „down bellow“),
the penis (male) or the vagina (female). At the back of the lower body
are the buttocks for sitting on. They are also commonly referred to
as the bum (especially with children). „Back passage“ means anus.
2.1.3	 Upper limbs (upper extremities UEs, arms)
	 Horní končetiny
The arms are attached to the shoulders. (The shoulder, the collar bone
and the shoulder blade form the shoulder girdle.) Beneath shoulder
is the area called the armpit or underarm. Between the shoulder and
the elbow is the upper arm. The joint halfway down the arm is the
elbow (funny bone). Between the elbow and the next joint, the wrist,
is the forearm. Below the wrist is the hand with four fingers and one
thumb. Beside the thumb is the index finger (forefinger). Beside the
index finger is the middle finger, followed by the ring finger and the
little finger. Ends of fingers are called fingertips. At the ends of the
fingers are fingernails. The dorsal aspect of the hand is called the
back of the hand; the ventral aspect is the palm. A hand with the
39
2Human body
fingers clenched in the palm is called the fist. A joint of a finger when
the fist is closed is called the knuckle.
2.1.4	 Lower limbs (lower extremities, LEs, legs)
	 Dolní končetiny
The lower extremity is attached to the pelvic girdle through the hip
joint. The crease at the junction of the inner part of the thigh with
the trunk is called the groin. At the top of the leg is the hip joint followed
by the thigh. The joint in the middle of the leg is the knee. It is
protected by the patella (kneecap). The posterior aspect of the knee
is called the knee pit. The front of the lower leg is the shin and the
back of the lower leg is the calf. The ankle connects the foot to the
leg. The foot consists of the dorsum, the sole, the arches, the heel and
five toes. The smallest toe is often called the little toe while the large
one is called the big toe. At the ends of the toes are toenails. Fingers
and toes are digits.
2.2	 Positional and directional terms
	 Výrazy určující pozici a směr
Anterior (ventral): front surface of the body.
Posterior (dorsal): the back side of the body.
Deep: away from the surface.
Superficial: on the surface.
Proximal: near the point of attachment to the trunk or near the beginning
of a structure.
Distal: far from the point of attachment to the trunk or far from the
beginning of a structure.
Inferior: below another structure. The term caudal or lower also means
away from the head or below another structure.
Superior: above another structure. Cephalic or upper also means
situated or directed toward the head.
Poznámka autorky: Český výraz kraniální ve smyslu horní
(udání směru, pozice) se do angličtiny překládá jako „cephalic“,
nikoliv „cranial.“
40
Angličtina pro fyzioterapeuty2
Medial: pertaining to the middle or nearer the medial plane of the
body.
Lateral: pertaining to the side. Situated at or extending to the side.
Internal: situated on or toward the inside; inner.
External: situated on or toward the outside; outer.
Supine: lying on the back. The patient lies supine during an examination
of the abdomen.
Prone: lying on the belly. The patient lies on his stomach in the prone
position.
2.3	 Body systems
	 Tělní systémy
Systems are groups of organs working together to perform complex
functions. Organs are made of tissues. A tissue is a group of similar
cells working together to do a specific job. A histologists is a scientists
who specializes in the study of tissues. Adipose tissue is collection of
fat cells. The body systems with their individual organs are listed next.
Circulatory (cardiovascular): heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins
and capillaries), lymphatic vessels and nodes, spleen, thymus gland.
Respiratory: nose, pharynx, larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe),
bronchi, lungs.
Nervous: brain, spinal cord, nerves and collection of nerves.
Musculoskeletal: muscles, bones and joints.
Digestive: mouth, pharynx (throat), oesophagus (gullet, food pipe),
stomach, intestines (small and large), liver, gallbladder, pancreas
Urinary (excretory): kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra.
Reproductive:
Female: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus (womb), vagina, mammary
glands.
Male: testes and associated tubes, urethra, penis, prostate gland.
Endocrine: thyroid gland, pituitary gland, sex glands (ovaries and
testes), adrenal glands, pancreas (islets of Langerhans), parathyroid
glands.
Skin and sense organs: skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous
(oil) glands; eye, ear, nose, and tongue.